Email Messages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Email Messages - Essay Example In accordance with this, an association will require email behavior to guarantee demonstrable skill, productivity and assurance from risk, for example, exorbitant claims because of awful language (Swinton). There are a couple of rules of how to compose a decent business email. As a matter of first importance utilize a language that is authentic so the two gatherings comprehend the message conveyed. The message you are attempting to pass on is compact and directly to the point. This assists with staying away from time wastage for the peruser. While composing guarantee appropriate spelling, sentence structure and accentuation, abstain from writing in capitals and experience the message to recognize botches before sending it. It is a great idea to consistently incorporate the subject of your correspondence with the goal that the beneficiary effectively recognizes what's in store in the message. Continuously utilize a neighborly tone, be close to home however formal (Swinton). While answering to business messages ensure that you are quick, answer all inquiries posed by the client. Abstain from sending connections except if solicited by the beneficiary from the email. Try not to forget about the email string when composing as it shows the past message which you are answering to. Try not to utilize extravagant textual styles in your composing except if conveying illustrations (Appleman 20-40). These are the fundamental issues that one ought to consider in all business messages so as to encourage great comprehension and trust between organizations or a customer and an association. Swinton, Lyndsay. 10 Tips for composing business messages that say the best thing regarding you. 2010. The board For The Rest of Us. 27 September 2011

Diphtheria (corynebacterium Diphtheriae) :: essays research papers

Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae) Corynebacteria are Gram-positive, vigorous, nonmotile, bar molded microscopic organisms identified with the Actinomycetes. They don't frame spores or branch as do the actinomycetes, however they have the quality of framing unpredictable formed, club-molded or V-formed courses of action in typical development. They experience snapping developments soon after cell division which brings them into trademark courses of action taking after Chinese letters. The variety Corynebacterium comprises of a various gathering of microscopic organisms including creature and plant pathogens, just as saprophytes. A few corynebacteria are part of the typical verdure of people, finding an appropriate specialty in essentially every anatomic site. The most popular and most broadly considered species is Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causal operator of the infection diphtheria. History and Background No bacterial malady of people has been as effectively concentrated as diphtheria. The etiology, method of transmission, pathogenic system and sub-atomic premise of exotoxin structure, capacity, and activity have been unmistakably settled. Therefore, exceptionally compelling strategies for treatment and counteraction of diphtheria have been created. The investigation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae follows intently the improvement of clinical microbiology, immunology and sub-atomic science. Numerous commitments to these fields, just as to our comprehension of host-bacterial communications, have been made examining diphtheria and the diphtheria poison. Hippocrates gave the principal clinical depiction of diphtheria in the fourth century B.C. There are additionally references to the illness in old Syria and Egypt. In the seventeenth century, lethal pandemics of diphtheria cleared Europe; in Spain "El garatillo" (the strangler"), in Italy and Sicily, "the neck disease". In the eighteenth century, the sickness arrived at the American states and came to pandemic extents in 1735. Regularly, entire families kicked the bucket of the infection in a couple weeks. The bacterium that caused diphtheria was first portrayed by Klebs in 1883, and was developed by Loeffler in 1884, who applied Koch's proposes and appropriately distinguished Corynebacterium diphtheriae as the specialist of the sickness. In 1884, Loeffler inferred that C. diphtheriae delivered a dissolvable poison, and along these lines gave the main depiction of a bacterial exotoxin. In 1888, Roux and Yersin showed the nearness of the poison in the sans cell culture liquid of C. diphtheriae which, when infused into appropriate lab creatures, caused the fundamental indication of diphtheria. After two years, von Behring and Kitasato prevailing with regards to vaccinating guinea pigs with a warmth lessened type of the poison and exhibited that the sera of vaccinated creatures contained a neutralizing agent fit for securing other defenseless creatures against the ailment. This adjusted poison was appropriate for inoculating creatures to acquire neutralizing agent yet was found to cause serious neighborhood responses in people and couldn't be utilized as an immunization. In 1909, Theobald Smith, in the U.S., exhibited that diphtheria poison

Gatsby

Gatsby-life story Essay Dreaming The Impossible Dream:An personal depiction of F. Scott Fitzgerald as Jay Gatsby, in The Great GatsbyFrances Scott Key Fitzgerald, conceived September 24, 1896 in St. Paul, Minnesota, is considered today to be one of the genuine incredible American authors. In spite of the fact that he carried on with an actual existence loaded up with liquor abuse, misery, and lost-love, he figured out how to make a definitive romantic tale and appeared to pinpoint the American Dream in his exemplary novel, The Great Gatsby. In the novel, Jay Gatsby is simply the exemplification of the made man, wherein he directs as long as he can remember to ascending the social stepping stool so as to pick up riches, to eventually win over a lady: something that ends up being out of reach. For reasons unknown, Gatsbys exorbitant luxury and love of cash, blended in with his fixation for a womans love, is really the personal depiction of Fitzgerald. While going to Princeton University, Fitzgerald battled hugely with his evaluations and invested the vast majority of his energy taking into account his social needs. He turned out to be very engaged with the Princeton Triangle Club, an undergrad club which composed and created a vivacious melodic satire each fall, and performed it during the Christmas get-away in twelve significant urban areas the nation over. Fitzgerald was additionally chosen for Cottage, which was one of the enormous four clubs at Princeton. Its sumptuous end of the week parties in amazing environmental factors, which pulled in young ladies from New York, Philadelphia and past, may well have given the main grain of motivation for Fitzgeralds depiction of Jay Gatsbys spectacular gatherings on Long Island (Meyers, 27). In spite of the fact that Fitzgerald was an outgoing person while at Princeton, he never had any lady friends. Be that as it may, at a Christmas move in St. Paul, MN during his sophomore year, he met Ginevra King, a modern sixteen-year-old who was visiting her flat mate, and promptly went gaga for her.Although Scott adored Ginevra to the point of fixation, she was too self-ingested to take note. Their uneven sentiment persevered for the following two years. Fitzgerald would send many letters, however Ginevra, who believed them to be cunning yet immaterial, obliterated them in 1917. The next year, Ginevra sent Scott a letter that reported her union with a maritime ensign. Not long before Fitzgerald was to meet with Ginevra following a twenty-year nonattendance, he broadcasted to his little girl, with blended sentiments of disappointment and wistfulness: She was the primary young lady I at any point adored and have dependably abstained from seeing her up to this second to keep the dece ption great, since she wound up by tossing me over with the most incomparable fatigue and lack of interest (Meyers, 30). Albeit grief stricken at that point, Fitzgerald responded to Yeats significant inquiry Does the creative mind abide the most/Upon a lady lost or a lady won? by utilizing his lost love as inventive motivation. For in his 1925 perfect work of art, The Great Gatsby, he reproduced the slippery, unreachable Ginevra as the lovely and rich Daisy Fay Buchanan. All through the novel, Fitzgerald portrayed Daisy as a nearly bodiless voice which, Gatsby acknowledged toward the end, was loaded with cash. Fitzgerald composed, her face was tragic and flawless with splendid things in it, brilliant eyes and a splendid energetic mouth, however there was a fervor in her voice that men who had thought about her discovered hard to overlook (Fitzgerald, 14). It ought to be noticed that, Gatsbys capacity, similar to Fitzgeralds, to keep that hallucination flawless supports his self-tricky and eventually foolish mission, with the assistance of his own marvelous cash, to win Daisy again from her significant other (Meyers, 30). In spite of the fact that Ginevra King was Fitzgeralds first genuine romance, she surely was not his last. In July 1918, while positioned in Montgomery, Alabama with the military, Scott met a thoughtful, delicate voiced young lady named Zelda Sayre at a nation club move. Scott reviewed that night that, she let her long hair hang down free and wore a frilly dress that made her look more youthful than eighteen. She originated from a noticeable however not well off family and had recently moved on from Sidney Lanier High School (Meyers, 42). Intends To Tragic Ends (oedipus EssayJay Gatsby, similar to Fitzgerald, was interested by cash and power, and intrigued by marvelousness and excellence. In any case, the two of them realized that they would never completely have a place with this prosperous and secure world, and that the objective of joining this imprudent class was a deception. Fitzgeralds epic, shows what happens to individuals who seek after deceptive American dreams, and how society (which they have dismissed) neglects to support them in their edgy hour.The Great Gatsby exemplifies the disappointment of sentimental optimism. The saint accomplishes a lot, however he loses the individual characteristics that characterized him toward the start of the book and finishes, as he lived, basically alone (Meyers, 343). One of the predominant subjects of The Great Gatsby was definitely one of the overarching topics of Scott Fitzgeralds life. Jay Gatsby became love-blasted and in spite of dismissal, committed as long as he can remember to winning back that subtle love, ignoring everything en route that was good, regardless of acknowledging toward the end that arriving at his objective was unachievable. Scott Fitzgerald had a similar dream as Gatsby, for he longed to join the positions of the privileged and appropriately get the adoration that had gotten away from him. It was a tragic result, one of sadness and hopelessness. Regarding the topic, it is brought up that, in all fact. . . The Great Gatsby is tied in with something far expelled from (Gatsbys) legend and well known notoriety: it is tied in with needing preferred bread over can be made out of wheat and afterward finding each portion spoiled with rot, about the debasement underneath the sparkling surface, about the spirit of man in a general public twisted on disintegration (Priestly, 13). In Fitzgeralds portrayal of Jay Gatsby, he has boldly investigated and uncovered his own character, leaving us not a charming legend, however a distinctive record of self-assessment. Fitzgeralds portrayal of Gatsbys determined character and desire for riches and ladies was so genuine and realistic, that it must be communicated by somebody who had really persevered through such feelings.For in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald utilizes fiction to recount to his own story thinking about the prevalent and merciless characteristics of the rich and on the inconceivability of getting one of them (Meyers, 123). Works Cited hDaiches, David. Basic Approaches to Literature. Longmann, New York: David Daiches, 1981. hFitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great Gatsby. London: Penguin Books Ltd, 1970. hGuerin, Wilfred L. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1979. hMeyers, Jeffrey. Scott Fitzgerald: A Biography. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994. hPriestly, J.B.. The Bodley Head Scott Fitzgerald. London: The Bodley Head Ltd, 1958. BibliographyhDanziger, Marlies K. An Introduction to the Study of Literature. Boston: D.C. Heath and Company, 1961. hDiYanni, Robert. Writing fourth release. Boston, MA: McGraw Hill, 1998. hLevin, Harry. Fitzgerald the producers of present day writing. Norfolk, Connecticut: New Directions Books, 1941. hhttp://gatsby.cjb.net/The Gatsby Online Researchhhttp://www.novelguides.com/ClassicNotes/Titles/gatsby/Classic Notes OnlineWords/Pages : 2,194/24

Entrepreneurship Successfully Launching New Ventures

Question: Recognize a business thought for another endeavor fire up, and to clarify why you figure your thought would be a significant and practical one to seek after in the commercial center? Answer: Presentation The term enterprise alludes to a procedure of starting another business or other organization that have possibility in the market. The business visionary at first builds up a plan of action that is trailed by accessibility of human and different assets for offering shape to the creative thought of the business person (Barringer and Ireland, 2012). The business visionary is absolutely answerable for the accomplishment also disappointment of the thought or administration. For fruitful execution of the thought or administration, the business person need to experience the achievability issues, for example, target showcase, hierarchical attainability, industry practicality and budgetary possibility for comprehension to what degree the thought will be plausible in the cutting edge advertise pattern (Boulton and Turner, 2005). This task will examine about the procedures of creating thoughts, presentation of new business enterprise thoughts, perceiving the chances, target advertise attainability examination, hierarchical possibility investigation just as natural patterns alongside Porters 5 Force Model. Procedures for producing Ideas It is a typical accept that business visionaries are conceived and can't be made. The business visionary at first has a great deal of thoughts for the business yet additionally need to comprehend the plausibility and open door for producing that thought. A most normal method of producing new thoughts of the business is through conceptualizing (Durvasula and Lysonski, 2010). Here, the gathering head or business visionary offers the thought among a gathering of individuals and gathers criticisms and suppositions in regards to the thought. Once more, the business visionary can talk about the thoughts through center gathering where the individuals included hush up recognizable to the subject. Another way the business person can consider new thoughts is through web and library examine. The web gives a great deal of data with respect to the market patterns and necessities of the clients (Mandel and Virgil, 2011). In this way, in view of the exploration, the business visionary can create th e new thought. Presentation of new thought and perceiving openings In todays occupied world, individuals are getting progressively slanted towards the web and are centered around the employments of various applications in the Smart telephones and I telephones. In this way, for this task, the possibility of an application will be created and talked about to show its market plausibility and incentive in the current and in vogue commercial center (Silva et al. 2012). This application will be intended to the point that it will help the clients in finding the cafés, basic food item shops and emergency clinics of the area where the clients are right now standing. This application will be taking a shot at constant condition and will just require GPS framework and web in the cell phones. This application will be effectively accessible in the essential telephones running on Android and Windows. It tends to be effortlessly utilized on Smartphone and iPhones and gives the addresses of the cafés, emergency clinics and staple shops inside 10 km of the clients standing spot. Also, the activity of this application is simple and is accessible in a few dialects. This thought by the business person is fundamental since the clients when visit another spot then any of the three spots turns into a critical need to them. Abdin (2012) remarked on the way that to abstain from asking others with respect to the addressees and forestalling the odds to get confused by the others or so as to take care of the etymological issue, this application will demonstrate supportive to the clients. This application as indicated by the business person is popular and having such huge numbers of favorable circumstances will positively be effective in the innovative driven market. Practicality Analysis This is basic for the business visionary to comprehend the item and administration that the application will be providing for the clients and the degree of practicability it will have (Cook, 2012). For that, the attainability investigation of the item and administration, target market, association and industry are improved comprehension of the market and the items. Item and Service Feasibility Analysis The business person has thought of propelling an application that will help in looking the about emergency clinics, basic food item shops and cafés. As indicated by Hayton and Cholakova (2011) the functional use of the item should be comprehended by the business person that to what degree the application will demonstrate accommodating to the clients. first of all the application will be accessible about in all the dialects so it will be useful for individuals all around the globe. Besides, the telephones having web association just as GPS framework, can undoubtedly get to this application without problem. Thirdly, the application is of 25 MB and will consume an exceptionally little space in the capacity. Fourthly, it consequently stores the information of the spots once visited and can be gotten to without web during return to making less utilization of web. Also, the application is accessible in Google Play Store and Iphone Play store and can be gotten to and downloaded by all with no issue (Hampden-Turner, 2010). Target Market Feasibility Analysis Baumol (2011) had a view that the business visionary on understanding the importance of the application and its uses, need to comprehend the objective market. The utilizations of tablets and cell phones have now gotten indivisible with the life of the individuals. Presently days, almost every individual is either having a Smartphone or an Iphone, so effectively they can get it in the play stores. It is a pattern in todays market to get in vogue with the cutting edge applications thus clearly this application can locate a renowned situation in the market. Thus, the item will discover its application in the market focusing on immense number of cell phone clients (Ioraitã„â€, 2014). The data that the application is promising its clients will end up being well disposed to the clients. Authoritative Feasibility Analysis This is important to comprehend the proposed business thought will have adequate hierarchical assets, the executives skill and fitness for effective propelling of the application and maintaining its business. Asset Sufficiency The assets are the basic part of any enterprise business. This is on the grounds that, from the view purpose of Levine (2012) for the dispatch of the application, adequate assets, for example, human ability in specialized fields, legal advisor, accomplice aptitudes and objectives, working spot and so on should be examined accurately for the effective running of the business. The executives Prowess For effective running of the business, another achievability that should be broke down is the hierarchical attainability. As per Oncioiu (2012) the proposed field-tested strategy need to have representatives those are straightforward just as persevering alongside great specialized information. The fellow benefactors of the business must modify, helpful and centered towards their business. The administration approaches should be reasonable and legitimately affirmed by the global laws of work (Mutara, 2012). The oversees and the prime supporters of the business need to have immense informal organization associations for creating the thoughts just as distributing the applications in the market. Since, internet based life is an incredible asset of showcasing and distributing the thoughts of new business. Monetary Feasibility Another investigation of attainability that the business visionary needs to comprehend is the money related help and state of the business. Yong and Ho (2006) remarked on the way that budgetary appraisal is a critical part inside the association since it assists with evaluating the position and quality of the firm. In light of the money related condition, the new workers, present day innovations and types of gear are recruited and purchased to the association for the fruitful creation of the application and running it effectively. It must be recollected that not just the expense of creation of the application is fundamental however showcasing and battling cost of this item and administration is additionally similarly significant (Ng, 2012). This monetary appraisal is likewise basic for the association. Through budgetary evaluation, the incomes, deals and benefits of the organization are additionally examined. Industry Feasibility Analysis The business visionary needs to break down the modern practicality factor that incorporates the ecological patterns and business patterns of the item and administration. Abrams (2012) had an assessment that it is basic since the investigation helps in understanding the situation of the contenders just as the Government rules and laws for the better business advancement. Natural Trends It is fundamental for the business visionary to know and have information with respect to the ecological patterns since it helps in understanding the quality, shortcoming, openings and dangers of the association and its rivals. As indicated by the assessment of Gao (2010) the business person needs to comprehend the general condition for adapting up to the current condition and can be all around clarified through Porters 5 Force model. This model aides in understanding the danger of substitutes, risk of new contestants, contentions among the current firms, bartering intensity of providers and haggling intensity of purchasers. The business visionary consistently need to remember the risk of substitute items by the current organization at a low cost and with new and progressively supportive highlights. Barringer and Ireland, (2012) had a view that for this application, if the other organization has a superior substitute application with present day highlights and qualities then unquesti onably it will be a risk to the organization. Besides, the risk of the new participants may likewise be a rising issue to the association. This is on the grounds that; if the other business visionary with a superior thought and better innovation will present another application in the market that will have further developed and included highlights, at that point surely the organization and the business visionary thought will be in a stake. Since, the business person will be new to the market; it ought to have a solid dealing power

The Papacy in Rome Essay - 1925 Words

How and Why the Papacy in Rome Became the Center of Power as it Did (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstitutionDateIntroductionThe institution of papacy has a long history that has lasted for many centuries. The papacy has many supporters and the authority and influence of the pope is respected widely around the world today. In the past, the authority of the church and the pope controlled much of Western Europe and the political and social systems of Western Europe. This paper analyzes the rise of the papal authority in 6th to 9th centuries and the positive and negative impacts of the papal authority across Europe.[Gabriel Kahn, 2005. Papal legacy: In changing world, church faces choice over pope's role; john paul's charisma made up for his lapses as manager; insider or non-european?; leading 1.08 billion faithful. Wall Street Journal, Apr 04. 1-112] How and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power as it didBy the end of the fifth century, Rome was left in a great political vacuum and several Barbarian kingdoms were fighting for ruling power of the onc e great Roman Empire. The Roman culture was made up of two barbarian groups, the Ostogoths and the Lombards. The Ostogoths were displaced from the north of the Black Sea and the Lombards replaced them having being supported by the Byzantines. The Visigoth monarchy that was barbaric before had abandoned the heretic teachings of Arianism and they flourished in Spain. The Visigoth monarchy supporters were known as the defenders of the church. Another group known as the Frankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s that was led by king Clovis wanted to assimilate the old Roman culture rather than abandoning it for the new Merovingian dynasty culture. Sporadic fights and exchange of power among various groups marked the period. During this time of turbulence between the barbaric groups and constant exchange of power among the groups, the papacy took advantage of this situation to establish its power in Rome in the sixth to ninth centuries. The process of spreading the Christian faith in the region that was once und er the Roman Empire needed a safe environment that would not be affected by chaos and wars. The Rural Ireland remained unaffected by the chaos and the exchange of power between the barbaric groups. The first Christian missionary to come to Ireland was Saint Patrick. The magicians met Saint Patrick with opposition and he engaged the magicians in a great magical battle at a region called Tara. Patrick eventually succeeded in the struggle and he converted the King Laoghaire of Ireland and his followers to Christianity. Various monasteries were constructed and they grew rapidly to Celtic lands and many Christians constantly used them in the periods between the fifth and the tenth centuries. The monastery traditions set the standard of Benedictine rule for the mainstream catholic religion. The establishment of monastic tradition by the Benedictines commenced the period that was marked by increased evangelization through the countryside of Ireland and to the entire fallen Roman Empire. Th e evangelization efforts went beyond the old borders of the fallen empire of Rome and converted new members along the way until it reached the Imperial Rome and mingled with papacy that had been established in the days of the strong Roman Empire. Before, the city of Rome had been a very important place for Christians because it was the place where saint peter and Paul were martyred according to the Christian tradition. The early church held the apostles with great respect because they believed that the Christian religion was passed from Jesus Christ to the world through the apostles. The papacy stood untouched as the two barbarian groups fought the Byzantines for control of the Empire. The period was marked by the establishment the five seats of patriarchal authority that were situated in Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch and Constantinople. Most of these seats were located in the eastern half of the empire. Cultural and political distinctions between the eastern and western Ch ristian halves made them to be divided and the Western halve became significant to the west and the eastern half became theologically significant to the eastern Christian dwellers. The most important bishop of the fourth century was Damascus I. He was the first bishop to refer to Rome as the apostolic see and he referred himself as the pontifex maximus. The title was previously reserved for the emperor. Damascus claimed his authority as the bishop of Rome as having come from Jesus Christ. The ideas of Damascus influenced his successor Siricius who obtained the title pope. In the year 495 AD, the people called Gelasius I who was the pope, the Vicar of Christ. The conviction of people about the pope as the Vicar of Christ made the institution of papacy to be founded and the political control of Roman Catholic followed later. The church established its supremacy over all other organizations including political organizations and demanded that all powers subordinate to peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s rock as the champion for true Christianity. The Emperors of Milan could not govern Rome and the bishops filled the power vacuum with the authority of the church.[Gabriel Kahn, 2005. Papal legacy: In changing world, church faces choice over pope's role; john paul's charisma made up for his lapses as manager; insider or non-european?; leading 1.08 billion faithful. Wall Street Journal, Apr 04. 1-112] [Gabriel Kahn, 2005. Papal legacy: In changing world, church faces choice over pope's role; john paul's charisma made up for his lapses as manager; insider or non-european?; leading 1.08 billion faithful. Wall Street Journal, Apr 04. 1-112] [Bonar Hernà ¡ndez, 2014. REFORMING CATHOLICISM: Papal power in guatemala during the 1920s and 1930s. The Americas 71, no. 2: 255-I.] Factors that contributed to the dominance of the church in Western Europe until reformationSeveral factors contributed significantly to the dominance of the church in Western Europe until the period of reformation. Th ese factors include the urgency to have peace in Europe, the believe of the pope and the bishops as the representatives of God on earth and the contribution of the church in ending poverty and encouraging civilization.[Bonar Hernà ¡ndez, 2014. REFORMING CATHOLICISM: Papal power in guatemala during the 1920s and 1930s. The Americas 71, no. 2: 255-I.] PeaceWestern Europe had been marked by a long history of conflicts between several nations and barbarian kingdoms. The kingdoms fought each other because of the differences in views and beliefs that they held. When the church assumed authority over the political systems in Europe, a period of peace was experienced because the major focus of the church was not war but spreading faith across Europe. The people had a common faith and the church helped to align the beliefs of different people across period making war to be unnecessary. Furthermore, the believers across Europe felt represented by the church.[John Jay Hughes, 2007. The conse nsus of the church and papal infallibility. A study in the background of vatican I. by richard F. costigan. pp. xiii+218. washington, DC: The catholic university of america press, 2006. $54.95. 13 978 0 8132 1413 9; 10 0 8132 1413 0. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 58, no. 1: 171.] Institution of papacy and bishopsThe bishop of Rome was highly regarded as the Vicar of Christ on earth. The bishops of the church were seen as representatives of God on earth and they were highly respected by the people. The respect and high regard that the institution of papacy and church leadership enjoyed led to the dominance of the church over all the other political and social systems in Western Europe.[John Jay Hughes, 2007. The consensus of the church and papal infallibility. A study in the background of vatican I. by richard F. costigan. pp. xiii+218. washington, DC: The catholic university of america press, 2006. $54.95. 13 978 0 8132 1413 9; 10 0 8132 1413 0. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 58, no. 1: 171.] Ending poverty and encouraging civilizationThe church helped to minimize poverty across Europe by encouraging the sharing of financial and other resources with the poor. The church established many monasteries and schools leading to the improvement of the education system across Europe. The improvement of the education system in Europe led to development and the establishment of civilization across Western Europe.[Lawrin Armstrong ,Fichtenau Heinrich 2001. Heretics scholars in the high middle age... The Papacy in Rome Essay - 1925 Words How and Why the Papacy in Rome Became the Center of Power as it Did (Essay Sample) Content: NameInstitutionDateIntroductionThe institution of papacy has a long history that has lasted for many centuries. The papacy has many supporters and the authority and influence of the pope is respected widely around the world today. In the past, the authority of the church and the pope controlled much of Western Europe and the political and social systems of Western Europe. This paper analyzes the rise of the papal authority in 6th to 9th centuries and the positive and negative impacts of the papal authority across Europe.[Gabriel Kahn, 2005. Papal legacy: In changing world, church faces choice over pope's role; john paul's charisma made up for his lapses as manager; insider or non-european?; leading 1.08 billion faithful. Wall Street Journal, Apr 04. 1-112] How and why the papacy in Rome became the center of power as it didBy the end of the fifth century, Rome was left in a great political vacuum and several Barbarian kingdoms were fighting for ruling power of the onc e great Roman Empire. The Roman culture was made up of two barbarian groups, the Ostogoths and the Lombards. The Ostogoths were displaced from the north of the Black Sea and the Lombards replaced them having being supported by the Byzantines. The Visigoth monarchy that was barbaric before had abandoned the heretic teachings of Arianism and they flourished in Spain. The Visigoth monarchy supporters were known as the defenders of the church. Another group known as the Frankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s that was led by king Clovis wanted to assimilate the old Roman culture rather than abandoning it for the new Merovingian dynasty culture. Sporadic fights and exchange of power among various groups marked the period. During this time of turbulence between the barbaric groups and constant exchange of power among the groups, the papacy took advantage of this situation to establish its power in Rome in the sixth to ninth centuries. The process of spreading the Christian faith in the region that was once und er the Roman Empire needed a safe environment that would not be affected by chaos and wars. The Rural Ireland remained unaffected by the chaos and the exchange of power between the barbaric groups. The first Christian missionary to come to Ireland was Saint Patrick. The magicians met Saint Patrick with opposition and he engaged the magicians in a great magical battle at a region called Tara. Patrick eventually succeeded in the struggle and he converted the King Laoghaire of Ireland and his followers to Christianity. Various monasteries were constructed and they grew rapidly to Celtic lands and many Christians constantly used them in the periods between the fifth and the tenth centuries. The monastery traditions set the standard of Benedictine rule for the mainstream catholic religion. The establishment of monastic tradition by the Benedictines commenced the period that was marked by increased evangelization through the countryside of Ireland and to the entire fallen Roman Empire. Th e evangelization efforts went beyond the old borders of the fallen empire of Rome and converted new members along the way until it reached the Imperial Rome and mingled with papacy that had been established in the days of the strong Roman Empire. Before, the city of Rome had been a very important place for Christians because it was the place where saint peter and Paul were martyred according to the Christian tradition. The early church held the apostles with great respect because they believed that the Christian religion was passed from Jesus Christ to the world through the apostles. The papacy stood untouched as the two barbarian groups fought the Byzantines for control of the Empire. The period was marked by the establishment the five seats of patriarchal authority that were situated in Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch and Constantinople. Most of these seats were located in the eastern half of the empire. Cultural and political distinctions between the eastern and western Ch ristian halves made them to be divided and the Western halve became significant to the west and the eastern half became theologically significant to the eastern Christian dwellers. The most important bishop of the fourth century was Damascus I. He was the first bishop to refer to Rome as the apostolic see and he referred himself as the pontifex maximus. The title was previously reserved for the emperor. Damascus claimed his authority as the bishop of Rome as having come from Jesus Christ. The ideas of Damascus influenced his successor Siricius who obtained the title pope. In the year 495 AD, the people called Gelasius I who was the pope, the Vicar of Christ. The conviction of people about the pope as the Vicar of Christ made the institution of papacy to be founded and the political control of Roman Catholic followed later. The church established its supremacy over all other organizations including political organizations and demanded that all powers subordinate to peterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s rock as the champion for true Christianity. The Emperors of Milan could not govern Rome and the bishops filled the power vacuum with the authority of the church.[Gabriel Kahn, 2005. Papal legacy: In changing world, church faces choice over pope's role; john paul's charisma made up for his lapses as manager; insider or non-european?; leading 1.08 billion faithful. Wall Street Journal, Apr 04. 1-112] [Gabriel Kahn, 2005. Papal legacy: In changing world, church faces choice over pope's role; john paul's charisma made up for his lapses as manager; insider or non-european?; leading 1.08 billion faithful. Wall Street Journal, Apr 04. 1-112] [Bonar Hernà ¡ndez, 2014. REFORMING CATHOLICISM: Papal power in guatemala during the 1920s and 1930s. The Americas 71, no. 2: 255-I.] Factors that contributed to the dominance of the church in Western Europe until reformationSeveral factors contributed significantly to the dominance of the church in Western Europe until the period of reformation. Th ese factors include the urgency to have peace in Europe, the believe of the pope and the bishops as the representatives of God on earth and the contribution of the church in ending poverty and encouraging civilization.[Bonar Hernà ¡ndez, 2014. REFORMING CATHOLICISM: Papal power in guatemala during the 1920s and 1930s. The Americas 71, no. 2: 255-I.] PeaceWestern Europe had been marked by a long history of conflicts between several nations and barbarian kingdoms. The kingdoms fought each other because of the differences in views and beliefs that they held. When the church assumed authority over the political systems in Europe, a period of peace was experienced because the major focus of the church was not war but spreading faith across Europe. The people had a common faith and the church helped to align the beliefs of different people across period making war to be unnecessary. Furthermore, the believers across Europe felt represented by the church.[John Jay Hughes, 2007. The conse nsus of the church and papal infallibility. A study in the background of vatican I. by richard F. costigan. pp. xiii+218. washington, DC: The catholic university of america press, 2006. $54.95. 13 978 0 8132 1413 9; 10 0 8132 1413 0. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 58, no. 1: 171.] Institution of papacy and bishopsThe bishop of Rome was highly regarded as the Vicar of Christ on earth. The bishops of the church were seen as representatives of God on earth and they were highly respected by the people. The respect and high regard that the institution of papacy and church leadership enjoyed led to the dominance of the church over all the other political and social systems in Western Europe.[John Jay Hughes, 2007. The consensus of the church and papal infallibility. A study in the background of vatican I. by richard F. costigan. pp. xiii+218. washington, DC: The catholic university of america press, 2006. $54.95. 13 978 0 8132 1413 9; 10 0 8132 1413 0. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History 58, no. 1: 171.] Ending poverty and encouraging civilizationThe church helped to minimize poverty across Europe by encouraging the sharing of financial and other resources with the poor. The church established many monasteries and schools leading to the improvement of the education system across Europe. The improvement of the education system in Europe led to development and the establishment of civilization across Western Europe.[Lawrin Armstrong ,Fichtenau Heinrich 2001. Heretics scholars in the high middle age...

Understanding Movies - Free Essay Example

Understanding movies was the most interesting class which I have ever taken. People expect many advantages from taking various classes. Some people want to take a sports class to have fun while other people like a science class to enlarge their knowledge. In my case, I could get both entertainment and knowledge form the movie class. Through the use of a couple of examples and specific explanation, I will demonstrate why I liked the movie class most. First, Understanding movies was enjoyable. School life was always stressful. Whenever I was sick and tired of my major classes such as math, economics and so on, I could relax myself in the movie class. One day, I was so stressed out because I failed a quiz in my math class. But the movie class showed Dead poets society, which gave me a lesson. While I saw some young high school students trying to find the real value of lives, my stress had done away. Movie class entertained me whenever I felt bad during my university days. Second, the movie class allowed me to have much valuable knowledge. In the movies, there are so many kinds of people, history and culture. When I saw the movie, Modern times by Charlie Chaplin, I could learn the situation of the United States in the early nineteenth century. Before I saw the movie, I did not know what exactly happened during The Great Depression in the U. S.. The movie class was one of the best sources of my knowledge. I really loved that movie class not only it was enjoyable but also it enlarged my knowledge. Since I found some advantages of watching movies, I have seen so many films that changed my major to film making. I hope that I can take one more chance to attend a movie class in the Unite States. The movie class was the most exciting class

20 Common Law Internship On-Campus Interview Questions

The on-campus interview (OCI): It has an ominous ring to it, maybe because of horror stories told by other law school students, maybe because of the pressure to do well. Almost all law schools offer some type of on-campus interview at the start of the students second year. Although your entire future may not hang on the success of your OCI, you definitely want to do well enough to proceed to the next step: the callback interview. If you manage that, your future will indeed be brighter.   You can do this, and you can do it well. In fact, you can ace it with the right preparation and if you know what to expect going in. The OCI Despite its name, the OCI may or may not actually take place on campus, but in a hotel conference room or another public facility. Its not with law school personnel, but rather with representatives of some of the foremost law firms in the area—even some outside the area. Theyre looking for the perfect students to staff their summer associate programs. And yes, that will look awesome on your resume even if your interview doesnt ultimately result in a summer  position, which is, of course, your ultimate goal.   Your meetings arent random. You must apply to your targeted firms first, and the firm will most likely receive a lot of bids. The firm then chooses who it wants to interview from among these bids. If youre chosen and if you do well, youll be invited back for that callback interview, which will most likely result in a summer job offer.   What Happens in the Law School Interview? Preparation means knowing what interview questions you can probably expect. Not every interview goes the same way, of course, so you may or may not be asked all the following questions. In a worst-case scenario, you wont be asked any of them. But you should at least have answers prepared for these so youre not caught off guard, and you can use them for ideas to branch out into other possible questions so you can prepare for those, too.   Why did you go to law school?Are you enjoying law school? What do you like/dislike about it?What classes do you enjoy/dislike?Do you feel youre getting a good legal education?If you could go back and decide whether to go to law school again, would you do it?Do you feel your GPA and/or class rank is representative of your legal abilities?Why do you think youd make a good lawyer?What is your biggest weakness?Do you like working on your own or on a team?How do you handle criticism?What is your proudest achievement?Where do you see yourself in 10 years?Do you consider yourself competitive?What have you learned from work experiences/student activities?Have you ever withdrawn from a class?What do you know about this firm?Why do you want to work at this firm?What areas of law interest you most?What types of books do you like to read?Do you have any questions? The last one can be tricky, but you are certainly entitled to ask a few questions of your own, so prepare for that possibility as well.

The Ethics Of Enterprise Risk Management - 818 Words

â€Å"Enterprise risk management views all risks to the firm as subject to management and control† (Fraser Simkins, 2010, p. 351). As we have learned, Enterprise Risk Management has three primary principles, which are: ensure organizational survival, provide social responsibility, and increase the organization’s value, while engaging employees in performance and maintaining their well-being (Bethel, 2016). In its simplest terms, legal risk equates to financial loss (Smith, 2008). In researching for this assignment, I read several articles relating to the subject matter and remarkably, each article addressed the topic in very similar ways. Fundamentally, the articles established a framework for identifying and addressing issues that could rise to the level of risk. Similarly, the reading assignment, lecture, and articles all stated that while risk cannot be avoided it can be subdued or minimized if dealt with correctly and timely. Further, the lecture and articles stated some risk is good for business operations, but organizations are charged with determining whether the risk is worthy of the investment. What are the challenges for today’s Human Resources professionals? Unfortunately, there is a shortage of critical skills talent for some key roles within many organizations (Jacobs, 2013). Indeed, there is a percentage of workers who cannot find gainful employment, but sadly many do not have the skills employers are looking for or need to maintain and exceed theirShow MoreRelatedManagement Accounting : Code Of Ethics1588 Words   |  7 PagesManagement Accountants’ Code of Ethics A code of ethics is necessary for the success of any type of business whether it be a professional service organization such as a law firm or an accounting firm, a manufacturing company such as Chrysler, Toyota, Apple or Microsoft, or a retail company such as Walmart or Target. 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A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Examine the difference between Financial and managerial accounting †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Financial accounting reports are prepared for externalRead MoreBusiness Risk vs Audit Risk1109 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Risk vs. Audit Risk By Gabriel Agboola The following article first appeared online in the IT Compliance Institute Ask The Auditor column. Used with Permission. What’s the difference between business risk and audit risk? Business risk relates mainly to an organization’s goals and objectives. It is essentially the potential cost incurred if the business does not achieve its strategic plans. 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The Sociology of Women A Study - 4847 Words

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Essay on A few words on Dantes Inferno - 1063 Words

A Few Words on Dante’s Infernonbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Like in the Inferno, where the gates of Hell begin the journey to the bottom, so life is began by birth, and the journey to Eternity begins. Some lives are more easily lead than others, like some of the punishments in Dante’s version of Hell are worse than others. Although in Hell, there is no hope, not even the hope of hope, the journey that Dante and Virgil take can be compared with the journey of life. Just the fact that Dante has someone to guide him can be comparison, everyone in life has a Guardian Angel assigned to them, as Dante had his own guide in his journey. But to compare all parts of life to the Inferno, one must start at the beginning†¦show more content†¦Like in Dante’s story, it is not always possible to turn around and go back the way one came, one must continue the journey and take the right path after they have done what they needed to do, and seen what they have needed to see. Some are fortunate, as Dante, to have a guide to tell them the right from the wrong. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Dante recounts that as he and Virgil approach the mouth of Hell, his mind turns to the journey ahead and again he feels terror. He only knows of two men who have ever crossed into the afterlife and returned: the Apostle Paul, who visited the Third Circle of Heaven, and Aeneas, who travels through Hell in Virgil’s Aeneid. Dante considers himself less worthy than these two and fears that he may not survive his passage through Hell. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Virgil scolds Dante for his cowardice and then reassures him with the story of how he knew to find Dante and act as his guide. According to Virgil, a woman (Beatrice) in Heaven took pity upon Dante when he was lost and came down to Hell (where Virgil lives) to ask Virgil to help him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The journey of retribution is always more difficult than the cause; and not everyone who attempts it succeeds. 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Essay on Organisational Structure of Samsung Electronics

The goal of the study is to have an in-depth analysis into the organizational structure, its relevance, importance, and its impact over the culture, brand value, sales, and success of the organization. This report will take into consideration various arenas of organizational structure of Samsung Electronics. It will cover the type of organizational structure followed, its impact over the present sales and success, problems and issues which act as a hindrance in in organizational development and classification of Samsung according to the Mintezberg theorem. Samsung has evolved as a worlds leading brand resonating with the global leadership and success ladder. It is the worlds topmost leader in smartphone production, second leader as a technological organization and a brand that is ranked among top ten of the world. The diverse perspectives, cutting-edge technologies, innovation, and bold investments are the catalysts for growth and tremendous success. This South Korean electronics multinational paved its path as a subsidiary of Samsung group from 1969. There are a plethora of products such as batteries, semiconductors, hard drives, televisions, air conditioners and smartphone being manufactured by the company. Samsung electronics is spread across 80 countries and has developed a reputation by emphasizing on innovation in its management strategies. The organizational structure of the company is spread over four major arenas namely digital media, telecommunication network, LCD and home appliances, and semiconductors. Each of these business units produce products in a variety of domains(Chang, 1988). The Organizational Structure The organizational structure of an organization is decided based on the size of the company, the type of the industry of functioning and on the marketing strategies adopted by the company. It is the way in which job tasks are grouped and coordinated with each other. The key elements in organizational structure are division of labor, span of control, departmentalization, formalization, chain of command, centralization or decentralization(Child, 1972) . All these key elements when coordinated and combined into a single thread of control governs the present and future of the organizational success. Formalization is the degree to which officials are guided by the culture, rules, laws and regulations(Fredrickson, 1986). The degree of standardization is known as formalization. In Samsung Electronics, all the employees at any level of the hierarchy are strictly guided to follow the orders and decisions made by the chairman without any challenges. The structure in Samsung is centralized as lower level managers are not competent or do not have the authority to make any kind of decision. The decision chain filters from the topmost level seaming down to the ground level of management. Moreover, the lower management do not even have a stance in decision structure. In this centralized structure all decisions are critical and significant acting as a decisive factor for the company. This ensures that the decisions taken are well consistent with the organizational strategic objectives and reduces to take up the risk of wrong decisions. Even though Samsung has a geographically dispersed stru cture yet, the division of power and decision making abilities lies in the hand of top management team or more specifically the chairman. Samsung also ensures a constant spirit of dealing with all the stakeholders. The span of control is the number of employees functioning under a single manager. For the chairman of Samsung,this span of control covers the entire organization spread across the globe. Otherwise, the structure of the Samsung has a large degree of span of control. The chain of command is he flow of line of authority from the top level of management to functional level of the organization. The authority is inherent in the hands of the leaders and top of the managers with the responsibility lying over their competent shoulders. The unity of command follows from the strict organizational structure and management being accountable to just one authoritative leader. The work specialization and the division of labor is based on the fields of functioning and production of the o rganization(Miles et.al, 1978) . Individual experts specializing in different areas of the companys manufacturing and development are given tasks to fulfill and execute. The main element of the organization is the theory of departmentalization which can be done based on various platforms and dimensions. The functional departmentalization of Samsung Electronics is done into four key areas of digital marketing, telecommunications, home appliances and semiconductors. This departmentalization is done inside the organization and calls for in depth specialization in every field with orientations, skills and coordination among the divisions. This functional departmentalization can also be seen from the in the view of product departmentalization in which employees function in different projects and groups targeting the type, nature and requirements of the products and the consumer base regarding the same. This kind of departmentalization in Samsung makes the product line close to the custom ers and hence is successful in making the organization as the worlds leader. However, there may be other types of departmentalization but Samsung Electronics have a centralized structure which limits to these models only. The model of the organizational structure in the Samsung Electronics company is a department organizational structure with CEO as a commanding officer for the whole organization spread globally and with multiple heads, managers or leaders taking up the departments of finance, technology, marketing, research and development, or finance. This structure is the best suited of the organization as it segregates the skills and expertise and give an ability to best harness and exploit the expertise(Porta, 1999). However, sometimes there might be a lack of coordination and a narrow scope of learning and responsibility and a hindrance in the goals of far-sighted employees. Sometimes, the structure of Samsung can also be viewed as matrix structure with partly department oriented management and others based on the demarcation based on the product line or product organizational structure. But, it is seen that these structures may lead to duplicate managerial roles in each product line. The four m ajor groups divided under fourteen divisions have manipulated the globe and have marked an imprint of Samsung Electronics all over. The management of Samsung Electronics switched from a single CEO management system to a two-person team including GeeSung as CEO and vice president and Lee as COO and president of the company. The organizational flow is from the chairman Lee filtering down to the office of secretaries and then down the hierarchy with affiliate leaders. Hence, Samsung has a powerful and effective structure which is owner-centered and is based on the platform to empower management. The chairman holds the power authority and hence decisions made are quick and empowered. The accountability and the responsibility for all the strategies and its implementation lies over the shoulders of one centered authority(Pugh, 1968). This owner empowered structure fits well with the high risk or high return industrial natures. The development of LCD technology or Play-stations were innovative results of this structure. The structure also includes the inner circle within Samsung comprising of office of secretaries in which trained personnel are sent in the key positions to the affiliates. The trust based relation and the loyalty for the chairman is the key quality for selection. The group of engineers are key placeholders for technological expertise. Effective structure for strategic goals The present structure of the organization is a golden key to the door of success. It is the catalyst for organizational success stories and developing brand image. With uncountable people owning at least one Samsung product, it is a true picture that the present organizational structure is promoting in overall progress. Samsung uses smart strategies for advertisements used for marketing and based over its customers. It focuses over the special noteworthy features to be highlighted for their use. They excel in pioneering the market by accelerating the technological productivity. The present marketing strategy resonates with the interplay of innovative, imagination, global research and development, strong commitment to ongoing investment, cooperation and collaboration of every element of the organizational structure and the supply chain. The progress curve of Samsung electronics is ascending with the launch of cost effective, trendy and user friendly products. The price for all the products are based over the motto of providing a trendy technology with a high command over brand quality and image in a premium price. The Samsung stores are spread all over the world providing a digital experience. The structure of Samsung is successful till date to produce world class range of products which is accepted and appreciated by the customers globally. The strategy of the company is more of end focused and less of mean focused(Hunter, 2002). This is as a result of the centralized hierarchy of organizational control which pays more attention over innovation and production of various product range meeting the demands of the customers and less attention towards the methods, means or process undertaken in order to produce goods or services. Decisions from the top management are filtered down the control line to be followed by the executives and employees and to return the final product in the market. Organizational effectiveness The organizational effectiveness is prudent and strategic utilization of resources (Brews, 2004) of all the departments to create and maintain competitive advantage. There are various approaches to attain the organizational effectiveness namely goal approach, system resource approach, strategic constituency approach, internal process approach, competing value approach (Cameron, 1983). The goal oriented approach assumes the organization to be planned and logical entities for accomplishment of rationales of the organization. The organizational formal goals are dependent upon the social acceptability and the brand value. The effectiveness cannot be measured solely based on the goal approach as there may be multiple conflicting goals. Samsung is visionary to set up goals for the future and innovation to justify the procedures and means to fulfill the objectives. The vision 2020 of Samsung is goal oriented and aims at creating a promising and exciting future. The profound vision is itself appealing i.e. Inspire the world, Create the future. The product outputs and the marketing outputs are compared with the set objectives by the top management to evaluate the present performance and set future missions. This approach is more critical about the outputs and the results. The system resource approach assumes the organization to be an open system of function (Denison, 1990) being aligned towards the inputs. It calls for effective utilization of valuable resources. It anticipates a blend of high quality of raw material and lower costs. Samsung is quite efficient is system resource approach for effectiveness as it guarantees good quality of material at premium costs. This effectiveness approach focuses its roots in means or the process of operation rather than the ends or result and products of the operation. The strategic constituency approach fulfills the demands and requirements of the agencies or stakeholders in its supporting environment. This approach is highly ideal for organizations which are relying on the feedback or response to the demands of the customers. For Samsung as a leading brand for electronics and phones, this model is a perfect suit for the type of the organization and its sales. The marketing success and development lies to a great extent over the response from the customers. But critical care must be taken for satisfaction of every stakeholder associated with the organization. The internal process approach is an outcome borne out of fixed output approach of goal orientation. But, it has a deep insight into the health, culture, commitment, coordination or satisfaction of the staff. When there is an effectiveness check into the organization then process and product both can be enhanced and improved. Mintzbergs Theorem of Organizational Structure According to Mintzberg, organizational framework can be classified into various setups namely entrepreneurial, machine, divisional, professional, and innovative(Mintzberg, 1979). Entrepreneurial company usually showcases a loose structure driven by founders, leaders and business-minded people. These organizations are adorned with forward thinking ideals ad enthusiastic personnel. There is a vertical line of authority with direct supervision over subordinates and authority lying in the hands of the peak i.e. The CEO (Mintzberg, 1980). Samsung is directed by the the Chairman and is lead by the family holding major part of the shares. The control the overall management of the multinational company. Mintzberg suggested another type known as machine in which highly bureaucratic functionality (Mansfield, 1973) are practiced with a high level of standardization of tasks. Samsung as an enterprise do not have a machine bureaucratic structure which might sometimes limit the openness and innova tion to new perspectives. Professional and innovative types are an outcome of decentralized architecture and organizational structure. Professional type showcases a high degree of competent driving the knowledge engine and fueling the talent pool by being able to make strategic decisions in their prevalent specialized skills by showcasing their autonomous working techniques. Qualified professionals enjoy a high degree of independence to depict their capabilities and highlight their talent. Innovative type calls for cutting edge creativity which decentralization as a superior feature for efficiency and judgments. There is no basic standardization to incorporate changes in the marketing environment. Samsung though calls for highly intensive and creative research and development unit and department yet, the key decisions, rules and regulations are being set and modulated by the top management leading to a spring back of innovative disruptive thinking strategies and increasing the level of dependence to execute something worth Euphoria! The divisional type of organizational type is common in large enterprises like Samsung Electronics with numerous units for business and a wide production line. The business is departmentalized to promote effective and divisional management with a centralized control commanding or guiding of vice presidents taking the responsibility of leadership in all facets of work within operational departments. Structural issues The problems with the present structure of Samsung is the main strength i.e. One man decision making structure. There is a complete uncertainty of sustaining of leadership. Even a wise emperor falls trap of mistakes and hence, a single decision making power may make several mistakes which cannot be challenged or questioned by the inner circle of management. Any sort of differences or challenges may lead to job threat and hence, may result into wrong or sometimes blunder decisions. All the important or unimportant decisions are taken up by chairman Lee and there is a lack of leadership by professional managers. The sustainability of the family control over the Samsung and using cross shareholding to hold one of the largest portion of the shares can prove to be a threat in future. The competition of the executives are against one another rather than behavior of cooperating and group work. There is a need of transition from the founder management and the leading generation towards professional management and its rule over the decisions in the company. But care should also be taken to avoid future confusion, or intersecting conflicts, and to overcome cultural differences. The unique leading model is not as proactive as expected. According to the organizational structure, there is a complete lack of accountability towards the external stakeholders. There is a leading trend of cross shareholding among the affiliates which is shifting the funds across various subsidiaries. This current organizational structure on one hand empowers the critical decision making by concentrating the responsibility and a vision for focus in hands of some top managements only. This also leads to a fast execution in any department and any part of the organization by reacting to the dynamism effectively and by discussing the pros and cons of the market scenario thereby making rapid and well thought decisions. This is one of the secrets of quality of the Samsung Electronics products and their speed of product introduction. The response from customers are critically analyzed and hence quickly a new launch of product can be planned. But this system may not expand well geographically. Samsung electronics is spread across 80 countries and decisions if taken by just top management residing at the headquarters may lead to differences in execution. Different geographic areas may call for different requirements and hence decision making must be decentralized into the hands of managers for a particular branch as they understand the local needs ad culture and thereby will be able to make better decisions. The support and knowledge from expert and skilled personnel can be blended with the intellectual minds of the management and hence decision making process can be refined and qualified. The legacy of the family hierarchy may also call for challenges and criticism in regard with operational efficiency and in concern with incorporation of highly talented personnel by giving them opportunities to lead and rule the organization. Hence, Samsung must adopt a hybrid structure with centralization for critical and globally important decisions and to let small decisions be taken up by the lower managing authorities. The structure must become a bit less tightened up and must open the doors for intellectual talent pool to be able to innovate and provide services for the organization. The organization should be flexible in order to remain competent in this dynamic world. Conclusion Hence, after research and knowledgeable insight into the concepts and techniques of organization structure it is observed that different organizational structures lead to various dimensions of efficiency in operations and meeting the targets, harnessing the expertise by creating a talent pool and appointing specialized personnel for special tasks, to enrich and enhance the quality of decision making, the modes and ease of communication within the organization and the span of control. Samsung Electronics is a huge organization with a spread across various geographic nations but still a centralized structure being guided by the Chairman Lee leading major organizational decisions and flow of commands. Organizational structure in a vision inside the key competent factors and strategies of the company to overcome the challenges of the market and the consumer demands and excelling in the filed of production, research and development.

Leo Burnett Case Study Essay Sample free essay sample

Leo Burnett Company. founded in Chicago in 1935. was one of North America’s Prime Minister advertisement bureaus. It had created legion well-known trade name icons. including The Marlboro Man. Kellogg’s Tony the Tiger. and the Pillsbury Dough Boy. This instance talks about LB’s current strained relationship with its client Ontann Beauty Care ( OBC ) . LB was hired by OBC to establish its new â€Å"Forever Young† merchandise line. 1. Assuming the function of an LB employee: As a full-service bureau. LB offered the complete scope of selling and communications services and merchandises. As an LB employee I would be portion of a multi-disciplinary squad that serviced a peculiar trade name. I would have inside informations of the work to be done by the supervisor of my place section. Informally I would describe to a undertaking squad leader who normally would be an history manager or a vice-president of client services manager. I would be responsible to this individual for meeting undertaking deadlines and pull offing my single client relationships. I would be at the same time working on two or three different trade name squads that would function local clients. Client demands and undertaking deadlines would order the sum of clip I spent on a given twenty-four hours as portion of a peculiar trade name squad. The work environment would be unfastened and fast paced. In general I would be beguiling with the work for two to three different clients at any given minute. I would pass a batch of hours interacting with co-workers speaking about undertakings and following up on client petitions. The volume of work would besides necessitate me to pass long hours at work. As a consequence I would besides be involved in societal activities with my co-workers after a long twenty-four hours at work. My relationship with my co-workers would be friendly and based on common trust. As portion of the Forever Young practical squad. presuming I am working in the London office in add-on to interacting with my local squad members I would besides be interacting with members located in a different part ( Taiwan. Toronto ) . I would hold challenges in interacting with squad members located in different parts due to time-zone restraints and besides since the degree of trust would non be high due to deficiency of anterior experience working with them. I would hold less liberty in my undertakings if I was working in Toronto since I would hold to acquire an blessing from the London office for certain undertakings. Some of the cardinal challenges I would confront in working as a practical squad would be – â€Å"building trust. coherence. and squad individuality. and get the better ofing isolation† . 2. Troubles faced by the Forever Young planetary advertisement and communications squad faced throughout the launch procedure: Two satellite squads were created by LB in Taiwan ( Asiatic market ) and Toronto ( North American market ) for the launch of the Forever Young trade name. The control of these satellite squads was centralized at the planetary office in London. These LB orbiter squads besides interacted with the OBC squads in London and Toronto. The LB London planetary office supplied the planetary templet originative and satellite squads were required to place the templet for their several markets. While the launch in the Asiatic market was extremely successful. the consequences of the North American market were hapless. For the North American market it was decided that the LB squad in London would bring forth English telecasting and print advertisement. which would be used in the Canadian market. The LB squad in Toronto would plan and bring forth the direct selling and web s ite stuffs because the London office did non hold strong in-house capablenesss in these countries. While the Toronto office had control of the design of these communicating pieces. the U. K. office would supply the inputs/approvals in order for the pieces to be visually consistent with the print advertisement. This division of the same undertaking across the two practical squads resulted in the work of the squads traveling in different waies. There is besides grounds of hapless communicating between the London and Toronto squads. Both squads noticed that their originative work was non in sync but no 1 highlighted it as an issue and assumed that the other squad would accommodate their expression and feel. Another illustration of hapless communicating was the treatment of the direct mail construct. A set of well-documented instructions would hold been easy for the London squad to understand and the deficiency of which resulted in loss of clip during a meeting. in which the client was present excessively. and clash among the two squads. The communicating between the two squads was non direct. Information chiefly flowed through David and Forin to Carmichael. Ideally the squad members should hold been asked to make out straight to decide issues rapidly. It would besides hold helped construct a good relationship between the squads. There was besides an premise that the European market was indistinguishable to the North American market. The London squad chose the theoretical account and the photographic stuff for the advertisement run. The Toronto squad was non involved in the above two determinations which increased their defeat. The other issue was faced during the development of the web site. The members of LB’s Toronto squad who were responsible for the web site development received waies from OBC’s London squad and the members of LB’s Toronto squad. who were responsible for the development of the direct selling stuffs. dealt with OBC’s Toronto squad. The instructions from these two OBC squads were frequently inconsistent and they repeatedly requested alterations of the selling stuffs ensuing in the web and direct selling stuffs being out of sync. These issues were non escalated to Carmichael through proper channels ensuing in important loss of clip. After hapless consequences from the Canadian national launch more control was handed over to the London squad. New originative squads were created and had to present alternate thoughts to planetary OBC and LB squad. There were difference s which squad would show foremost. which office received what compensation for the development. and whether or non overall wage bundles were just. Around the same clip there were besides important forces alterations in both the London and Toronto squads. 3. As Janet Carmichael. make you now decentralize the squad. As Janet Carmichael my precedence is to retain OBC as a client with a successful launch in the North American market. The chief issue over here is non related to the centralized control by the London office. The squads in Taiwan besides followed the same construction and were successful. While the squad in Taiwan had greater liberty they besides did a good occupation of pass oning with the London squad. Decentralizing and passing over control to the Toronto squad would non be a executable option. In the absence of David there is no 1 in the Toronto squad with the needed expertness to take the trade name and the squad. I would prefer to give the Toronto squad the same ( as the squad in Taiwan ) sum of liberty for direct and indirect selling. The Toronto squad has a good apprehension of the North American market. The planetary squad at London would supply inadvertence and give the concluding blessing. That manner the London squad would experience that they are still portion of the procedure while the Toronto squad would hold the necessary freedom required for their originative work. I would besides specify the communication/escalation protocol to be followed by the two squads so that the squad members interact straight with each other and that issues get escalated in a timely mode when required. Mentions: 1. Leo Burnett Case survey.2. Kirkman. Bradley L. . Rosen. Benson. Gibson. Cristina B Tesluk. Paul. McPherson. Simon O. Academy of Management Executive ; Aug2002. Vol. 16 Issue 3. p67-79. 13p. 4 Black and White Photographs. 1 Chart

Tragedy free essay sample

Arthur Millers  The Crucible  illustrates a tragedy due to intense emotional suffering brought on by the accusations of former friends, manipulation, infidelity, and ultimately the death of John Proctor. In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, Jay, the American romantic hero, devotes his life to proving himself worthy of Daisy. He would have sacrificed his freedom and his life for her, yet she couldn’t spare the time to go to his funeral and pay her condolences. While tragedy consists as a powerful medium in books and short stories, there are many real life cases of tragedy as well.For example, a mother, impaired from drinking vodka and smoking marijuana puts children and other innocent people in harms way while driving home from a weekend camping trip. This trip ends in a tragic disaster when she goes the wrong way on a highway and crashes head on with another vehicle. Eight innocent people are killed including four children. We will write a custom essay sample on Tragedy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Overall, from a book, or from our society today, we, as humans, use tragedy to teach us to learn from the mistakes and misfortunes of others. â€Å"Tragedy is a form of drama  based on human  suffering that allows the audience to experience catharsis or pleasure from the viewing. The audience, through its viewing of a tragedy, can experience the magnified human emotions brought forth, from a safe distance. Essentially, to see suffering without having to actually suffer is what makes tragedy such a powerful medium. As humans, we may need this so that when faced with suffering of our own we are better prepared. A tragedy is a story in which the main character, usually a hero, is brought to his downfall. In Macbeth, the main character, Macbeth, despite his infallible attitude is brought to ruin by his flaw, which is his â€Å"blind ambition†.Overall, Macbeth is a man with a flaw that the witches were able to see and use for their own amusement. This ambition is exacerbated by the witches and their prophecies, thus making Macbeth a somewhat sympathetic character. In Macbeth, the audience feels throughout the play that Macbeth’s murders are for his own benefit and are cruel and unjustified. Even though Macbeth feels sorry, guilty and has doubts about what he is doing, he still goes through with these acts, which makes us feel that he should be punished and not rewarded the kingship. As a result, the audience feels the need to rid and â€Å"purge† all of these emotions about Macbeth.With the death of Macbeth, the audience finally feels the true meaning of catharsis. The Crucible’s tragedy, in the larger picture, is the downfall of what appeared to be an innocent, pristine community. In addition to this, Proctors hanging and the suffering inflicted upon his wife Elizabeth are also tragic. Although Elizabeth is a good  moral woman who would protect her husband and family with her own life, she is still falsely accused of witchcraft and imprisoned. At the end of the play, she is left without her loving husband who was everything to her.However, as well as the pain and tragedy that Elizabeth experiences; the larger tragedy revolves around all the innocent people accused of witchcraft who are imprisoned or killed, because of un-trustworthy teenage girls. In the story, the reader is easily able to connect with John Proctor due to the fact that adultery is a common culprit in tragedies today. More specifically, the audience is drawn in to experience these extreme human emotions with out the real life suffering and as a result is better prepar ed for the suffering that they may encounter. Jay Gatsby is seen as the tragic American romantic hero because he devoted his life to Daisy, yet in return suffered dire consequences. It excited him, too, that many men had already loved Daisyit increased her value in his eyes. (Fitzgerald 119) He accumulated wealth to impress her, moved from his native land to be near her, held lavish house parties to attract her, battled Tom to win her over, and most importantly took the blame for killing Myrtle, which lead to his death. His biggest flaw is his incorrigible love for Daisy.Jay says, â€Å" your wife doesn’t love you, she’s never loved you, she loves me (Fitzgerald 137) This shows Gatsby’s stubborn attitude towards seeking Daisy’s ultimate love. Although he has achieved great success, his achievements mean little with out Daisy’s returning love. In the end, he dies because of her, which is a direct result of her impact on his life. Throughout the book, the audience feels sympathy for Gatsby because of his devotion to Daisy and her lack luster love back. In the end, though still frustrated, the audience finally feels a release of emotions by seeing Gatsby’s struggle with Daisy end. So we drove on toward death through the cooling twilight. (Fitzgerald, 116) This â€Å"purge† of emotions is the audience’s relief, which ends with the draining of their intense feelings. However, had the story ended without the death of Gatsby, the suffering would have been incomplete, leaving the reader frustrated without any emotional cleansing associated with catharsis. A widely publicized real life tragedy revolved around a New York mom who had at least 10 drinks and smoked marijuana before driving five children the wrong way down a highway and crashing head on into an SUV.She was killed instantly and also took the lives of her 2-year-old daughter and three nieces, also in her van, as well as three men who were in the SUV. Her 5-year-old son was the lone survivor of the crash. â€Å"Schuler had a blood alcohol content of . 19, more than double the legal limit, and was also impaired by marijuana, which just further exacerbated the problem†, according to state attorney Janet Difiore. At one point her 8-year-old niece called her father to say her aunt was behaving strangely. Unfortunately, while the family attempted to monitor Schuler and the children’s location, they were unsuccessful.An event, which results in the untimely death of young children, always evokes tremendous emotion. This event, well popularized and viewed by many, serves as a key reminder in helping us deal with suffering we may experience on our own. By reading about this story, we feel these emotions from a safe distance to better prepare ourselves. This is why a topic/event with tragedy like this draws a large amount of attention. Tragedies in all of these examples are similar due to the effect they have on the audience.In each of these books and real life events, there are common elements causing an emotional effect on the audience. For the most part, these events are the down fall and â€Å"tragic flaws† of the main characters. For example, in The Crucible and The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby and John Proctor are driven and flawed by love and romance. In The Great Gatsby, Jay is unable to let his love for Daisy go, thus causing him to go to great lengths to be with her. In The Crucible John Proctor also shows his flaw through love when he commits adultery.Overall, in both of these books, the characters are so indulged in their love they loose sight of what is dangerous and could cause them harm. On the other hand these tragedies also have many differences. For instance, the real life example allows the audience to learn from the tragedy for their own benefit while with Macbeth the audience feels more relieved and cleansed at the result. More specifically, the real life example provides you with less of an emotional roller coaster because you are getting all the information at once.In literature, there is a deliberate design by the author to build you up slowly to a crescendo, culminating in an emotional release. In the real life situation the news media broadcasts the suffering instantaneously, having almost a numbing effect. In conclusion, whether it is a real life example or within a book, tragedy evokes a variety of emotions in the audience. Aristotle describes catharsis as â€Å"the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy† (Aristotle 23).Debate continues about what Aristotle actually means by catharsis, but the concept is â€Å"linked to the positive social function of tragedy†. In Macbeth, Macbeth’s life frustrates the audience with his cruel and unjust ways of becoming king. By the end of the story, when Macbeth dies, this emotion is finally released and the audience is relieved. In The Crucible, John Proctor, by cheating on his wife, causes tragedy to be inflicted upon not only himself but also on his wife. Ultimately, this allows the audience to experience this pain and suffering from a distance, and learn from these mistakes. In the Great Gatsby, at first blush, Jay is seen as a romantic because he did everything for Daisy. However, pursuit of a material life is ultimately his undoing, and in the long run he is faced with dire consequences. Lastly, tragedy is also seen in the death of 8 innocent people in the car crash, a crash that could have been prevented. This also allows the audience to learn from these mistakes and use the emotional experience to better equip themselves. Essentially, to see suffering without having to actually suffer is what makes tragedy such a powerful medium.